好的,这是一份简洁的PHP开发速成手册,涵盖核心概念和常用操作:
PHP开发速成手册
1. 环境搭建
- 推荐工具包:XAMPP (包含Apache服务器、MySQL数据库、PHP)。
- 代码编辑器:VS Code (推荐安装PHP相关扩展) 或 PhpStorm。
2. 基础语法
- 文件扩展名:
.php - PHP标记:
<?php开始,?>结束 (纯PHP文件可省略结束标记)。 - 输出内容:
echo "Hello, World!";或print "Hello!"; - 注释:
// 单行注释 # 单行注释 (较少用) /* 多行注释 */ - 变量:以
$开头,区分大小写。$name = "Alice"; $age = 30; - 数据类型:字符串(String)、整型(Integer)、浮点型(Float)、布尔型(Boolean)、数组(Array)、对象(Object)、NULL。
- 字符串拼接:使用
.运算符。$greeting = "Hello, " . $name . "!";
3. 数组 (Array)
- 索引数组:
$colors = array("Red", "Green", "Blue"); // 或简写 $colors = ["Red", "Green", "Blue"]; echo $colors[0]; // 输出 "Red" - 关联数组:
$person = array( "name" => "Bob", "age" => 25 ); // 或简写 $person = ["name" => "Bob", "age" => 25]; echo $person["name"]; // 输出 "Bob"
4. 流程控制
- 条件语句:
if,else,elseif,switchif ($age >= 18) { echo "Adult"; } else { echo "Minor"; } - 循环语句:
for,while,do-while,foreach(常用于遍历数组)foreach ($colors as $color) { echo $color . "<br>"; } foreach ($person as $key => $value) { echo "$key: $value<br>"; }
5. 函数 (Functions)
- 定义函数:
function greet($name) { return "Hello, " . $name . "!"; } - 调用函数:
$message = greet("Charlie"); echo $message; // 输出 "Hello, Charlie!"
6. 表单处理 (Form Handling)
- HTML表单 (HTML):
<form action="welcome.php" method="post"> Name: <input type="text" name="username"> <input type="submit"> </form> - PHP接收数据 (welcome.php):
$name = $_POST["username"]; // 获取通过 POST 提交的 'username' echo "Welcome, " . $name . "!"; // 重要!安全考虑:应对用户输入进行验证和过滤 (如使用 filter_var)
7. 数据库操作 (MySQLi / PDO)
- 连接数据库 (MySQLi示例):
$servername = "localhost"; $username = "your_username"; $password = "your_password"; $dbname = "myDB"; $conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password, $dbname); if ($conn->connect_error) { die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error); } - 查询数据:
$sql = "SELECT id, name FROM users"; $result = $conn->query($sql); if ($result->num_rows > 0) { while($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) { echo "id: " . $row["id"]. " - Name: " . $row["name"]. "<br>"; } } - 插入数据 (使用预处理语句防SQL注入):
$stmt = $conn->prepare("INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES (?, ?)"); $stmt->bind_param("ss", $name, $email); // 'ss' 表示两个字符串类型参数 $name = "John"; $email = "john@example.com"; $stmt->execute(); - 关闭连接:
$conn->close();
8. 会话管理 (Session)
- 启动会话:
session_start();(必须在任何输出之前调用) - 存储会话变量:
$_SESSION["username"] = "Alice"; - 读取会话变量:
echo "User: " . $_SESSION["username"]; - 销毁会话:
session_destroy();(通常用于注销)
9. 文件处理
- 打开文件:
$file = fopen("data.txt", "r");(模式:r读,w写,a追加) - 读取文件:
fread($file, filesize("data.txt"));或fgets($file);(逐行) - 写入文件:
fwrite($file, "New content\n"); - 关闭文件:
fclose($file);
10. 错误处理
- 显示错误 (开发环境):
ini_set('display_errors', 1); ini_set('display_startup_errors', 1); error_reporting(E_ALL); - 异常处理:
try { ... } catch (Exception $e) { echo $e->getMessage(); }
11. 调试建议
- 使用
var_dump($variable);或print_r($array);查看变量内容。 - 检查错误日志文件 (通常在服务器配置中指定路径)。
重要提示:
- 安全:始终验证和过滤用户输入,防止SQL注入、XSS等攻击。使用预处理语句处理数据库查询。
- 学习资源:PHP官方文档 () 是最好的参考。
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这份手册提供了PHP开发的核心要点。实际开发中,请务必深入学习每个部分并关注代码安全性和最佳实践。