Node.js 最高性能 HTTP/1.1 服务方案
性能排名概览
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ 性能排名 (req/sec) │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 1. uWebSockets.js ████████████████████████████ ~300k+ │
│ 2. Fastify █████████████████████ ~75k │
│ 3. Polka/0http ████████████████████ ~70k │
│ 4. Koa ████████████████ ~55k │
│ 5. Express ██████████████ ~45k │
│ 6. 原生 http █████████████████████ ~65k │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
方案一：极致性能 - uWebSockets.js（推荐）
// server.js
const uWS = require('uWebSockets.js');
const cluster = require('cluster');
const os = require('os');const PORT = 3000;
const numCPUs = os.cpus().length;if (cluster.isPrimary) {console.log(`Master ${process.pid} is running`);// Fork workersfor (let i = 0; i < numCPUs; i++) {cluster.fork();}cluster.on('exit', (worker) => {console.log(`Worker ${worker.process.pid} died, restarting...`);cluster.fork();});
} else {uWS.App().get('/api/users', (res, req) => {res.writeHeader('Content-Type', 'application/json');res.end(JSON.stringify({ users: [] }));}).get('/api/health', (res, req) => {res.end('OK');}).any('/*', (res, req) => {res.writeStatus('404').end('Not Found');}).listen(PORT, (token) => {if (token) {console.log(`Worker ${process.pid} listening on port ${PORT}`);}});
}
方案二：生态平衡 - Fastify（最推荐）
// server.js
const fastify = require('fastify');
const cluster = require('cluster');
const os = require('os');const numCPUs = os.cpus().length;// ============ 高性能配置 ============
const serverOptions = {logger: false, // 生产环境关闭日志trustProxy: true,connectionTimeout: 30000,keepAliveTimeout: 72000,maxParamLength: 200,bodyLimit: 1048576, // 1MBcaseSensitive: true,ignoreTrailingSlash: false,// HTTP/1.1 优化http2: false,https: null,
};if (cluster.isPrimary) {console.log(`Master ${process.pid} starting ${numCPUs} workers`);for (let i = 0; i < numCPUs; i++) {cluster.fork();}cluster.on('exit', (worker) => {cluster.fork();});
} else {const app = fastify(serverOptions);// ============ 性能优化插件 ============// JSON 序列化优化（提升 2-3x）app.register(require('@fastify/response-validation'), {ajv: {removeAdditional: true,useDefaults: true,coerceTypes: true,}});// 路由预编译const schema = {response: {200: {type: 'object',properties: {id: { type: 'integer' },name: { type: 'string' }}}}};app.get('/api/user/:id', { schema }, async (request, reply) => {return { id: parseInt(request.params.id), name: 'John' };});// 启动服务app.listen({ port: 3000, host: '0.0.0.0' });
}
方案三：原生极简 - http + Cluster
// server.js
const http = require('http');
const cluster = require('cluster');
const os = require('os');const numCPUs = os.cpus().length;
const PORT = 3000;// ============ 预编译响应 ============
const RESPONSES = {json: Buffer.from(JSON.stringify({ status: 'ok', data: [] })),headers: {'Content-Type': 'application/json','Connection': 'keep-alive','Keep-Alive': 'timeout=72',}
};// 简易路由表
const routes = new Map([['GET:/api/health', (req, res) => {res.writeHead(200, RESPONSES.headers);res.end(RESPONSES.json);}],['GET:/api/users', (req, res) => {res.writeHead(200, RESPONSES.headers);res.end(RESPONSES.json);}]
]);if (cluster.isPrimary) {for (let i = 0; i < numCPUs; i++) {cluster.fork();}
} else {const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {const key = `${req.method}:${req.url}`;const handler = routes.get(key);if (handler) {handler(req, res);} else {res.writeHead(404);res.end('Not Found');}});// ============ Socket 层优化 ============server.keepAliveTimeout = 72000;server.headersTimeout = 75000;server.maxHeadersCount = 100;server.timeout = 120000;server.listen(PORT, '0.0.0.0');
}
系统级优化配置
1. Node.js 启动参数
#!/bin/bash
# start.shnode \--max-old-space-size=4096 \--max-semi-space-size=128 \--optimize-for-size \--gc-interval=100 \--expose-gc \server.js
2. Linux 系统调优
# /etc/sysctl.conf# 网络优化
net.core.somaxconn = 65535
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 65535
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 65535
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 10
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 60
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_probes = 3
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_intvl = 10# 文件描述符
fs.file-max = 2097152
fs.nr_open = 2097152# 应用
sysctl -p
3. 文件描述符限制
# /etc/security/limits.conf
* soft nofile 1000000
* hard nofile 1000000
架构对比总结
┌────────────────┬──────────────┬────────────┬──────────────┐
│ 方案 │ 性能 │ 易用性 │ 生态 │
├────────────────┼──────────────┼────────────┼──────────────┤
│ uWebSockets.js │ ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ │ ⭐⭐ │ ⭐⭐ │
│ Fastify │ ⭐⭐⭐⭐ │ ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ │ ⭐⭐⭐⭐ │
│ 原生 http │ ⭐⭐⭐⭐ │ ⭐⭐⭐ │ - │
│ Polka │ ⭐⭐⭐⭐ │ ⭐⭐⭐⭐ │ ⭐⭐⭐ │
└────────────────┴──────────────┴────────────┴──────────────┘
最终推荐
| 场景 | 推荐方案 |
|---|---|
| 极致性能优先 | uWebSockets.js + Cluster |
| 生产环境通用 | Fastify + Cluster（首选） |
| 微服务/简单API | 原生 http + Cluster |
| 需要兼容 Express 中间件 | Fastify（有适配层） |
90% 的场景推荐 Fastify：性能仅次于 uWebSockets.js，但生态完善、开发效率高。
好好学习天天向上，推荐一些http书籍：http 书籍