1. RIP协议介绍及工作流程
1.1 RIP协议及特点
RIP（Routing Information Protocol），路由信息协议，是一种基于距离矢量的路由算法协议，使用跳数来衡量到达目地的距离，默认情况下，设备与其直连的网络跳数为0，经过一个设备可达的目的的网络跳数为1（跳数相当于经过的网络设备数），RIP协议只支持0-15之间的跳数，大于15被认为是不可达。
可以看出支持RIP协议的设备只能从它的相邻路由获取信息，并且每次交换信息为当前路由器的完整路由表。按照固定时间间隔来交换路由信息(30s)，可以及时发现相邻路由是否还在工作。
1.2 RIP协议生成的路由表项的更新
RIP协议生成的路由信息更新有两种方法：
1.定时更新，每隔30s通过UDP 520端口进行RIP广播应答向相邻路由发送包括本路由的路由表，同时也向相邻路由表明自己还在工作。
2. 触发更新：当网络结构变化时（有路由器坏掉等），相邻路由器（相邻路由器检测到它的邻居不工作，接收不到它的回应），就会向其它相邻路由器发送更新信息。
1.3 RIP协议处理表项的流程
1. 每次更新定时器到计时结束时就向相邻路由发送信息进行路由信息交互。
2. 新添加入路由表的表项就开启老化定时器，在倒计时结束前还没有收到相邻路由的更新信息，则会把该表项中的跳数高为16（不可达），然后将该项放置到垃圾收集定时器中开始倒计时，一但计时结束还未收到更新信息则删掉该表项。
3. 如果更新过来的表项路由表中没有则直接添加。
4. 如果更新过来的表项路由表中有相同目的网络的路由表项，如果来源端口相同则更新路由表项（更新定时器从头计时），如果来源不同，同比较跳数，选择最小的做为更新表项。如果更新过来的表项与原表中表项一样，则保留原表项（更新定时器从头计时）。
2.模型搭建
其中主机pc1-pc8分别属于不同网段。测试通信结果：
| pc1 | pc2 | 不通 |
| pc1 | pc3 | 不通 |
| pc1 | pc5 | 不通 |
| pc1 | pc8 | 不通 |
3. 基本配置过程
3.1 交换机配置
分别将主机划分入不同的vlan之中，并配置向上连接路由交换机的端口为干道链路。
3.1.1 配置LSW1
将pc1、pc2划分到vlan 11、12之中。
system-view
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]undo info-center enable
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]vlan batch 11 12
Info: This operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment...done.
[Huawei]interface Ethernet 0/0/1
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]port link-type access
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]port default vlan 11
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]quit
[Huawei]interface Ethernet 0/0/2
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/2]port link-type access
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/2]port default vlan 12
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/2]quit
[Huawei]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]port link-type trunk
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]port trunk allow-pass vlan 11 12
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1] User interface con0 is available 3.1.2 配置交换机LSW2
将pc3、pc4划分到vlan 13、14之中。
system-view
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]undo info-center enable
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]vlan batch 13 14
Info: This operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment...done.
[Huawei]interface Ethernet 0/0/1
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]port link-type access
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]port default vlan 13
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]quit
[Huawei]interface Ethernet 0/0/3
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/3]port link-type access
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/3]port default vlan 14
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/3]quit
[Huawei]interface Gigabitethernet 0/0/1
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]port link-type trunk
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]port trunk allow-pass vlan 13 14
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1] User interface con0 is available 3.1.3 配置交换机LSW5
将pc5、pc6划分到vlan 15、16之中。
system-view
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]undo info-center enable
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]vlan batch 15 16
Info: This operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment...done.
[Huawei]interface Ethernet 0/0/1
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]port link-type access
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]port default vlan 15
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]quit
[Huawei]interface Ethernet 0/0/2
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/2]port link-type access
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/2]port default vlan 16
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/2]quit
[Huawei]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]port link-type trunk
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]port trunk allow-pass vlan 15 16
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]quit
[Huawei] User interface con0 is available 3.1.4 配置交换机LSW6
将pc7、pc8划分到vlan 17、18之中。这里采用hybrid接口进行配置。
system-view
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]undo info-center enable
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]vlan batch 17 18
Info: This operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment...done.
[Huawei]interface Ethernet 0/0/1
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]port hybrid pvid vlan 17
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]port hybrid untagged vlan 17
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]quit
[Huawei]interface Ethernet 0/0/2
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/2]port hybrid pvid vlan 18
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/2]port hybrid untagged vlan 18
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/2]quit
[Huawei]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]port hybrid tagged vlan 17 18
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]quit
[Huawei] User interface con0 is available 3.2 路由交换机配置
3.2.1 配置路由交换机RS1
需要将向下端口配置为干道链路，并且创建vlan 11、12的虚拟接口(SVI)。另外还需要创建vlan 100并给定ip地址，将向上连接路由器的接口配置为接入链路(将二层接口虚拟上转换成三层接口---带ip地址的接口)
system-view
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]undo info-center enable
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]vlan batch 11 12
Info: This operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment...done.
[Huawei]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]port link-type trunk
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]port trunk allow-pass vlan 11 12
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]quit
[Huawei]interface vlanif 11
[Huawei-Vlanif11]ip address 192.168.64.254 255.255.255.0
[Huawei-Vlanif11]quit
[Huawei]interface vlanif 12
[Huawei-Vlanif12]ip address 192.168.65.254 255.255.255.0
[Huawei-Vlanif12]quit
[Huawei]
[Huawei]vlan 100
[Huawei-vlan100]quit
[Huawei]interface vlanif 100
[Huawei-Vlanif100]ip address 10.0.1.2 255.255.255.252
[Huawei-Vlanif100]quit
[Huawei]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/2
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]port link-type access
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]port default vlan 100
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]quit 3.2.2 配置路由交换机RS2
system-view
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]undo info-center enable
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]vlan batch 13 14
Info: This operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment...done.
[Huawei]interface GIgabitEthernet 0/0/2
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]port link-type trunk
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]port trunk allow-pass vlan 13 14
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]quit
[Huawei]interface vlanif 13
[Huawei-Vlanif13]ip address 192.168.66.254 255.255.255.0
[Huawei-Vlanif13]quit
[Huawei]interface vlanif 14
[Huawei-Vlanif14]ip address 192.168.67.254 255.255.255.0
[Huawei]vlan 100
[Huawei-vlan100]q
[Huawei] interface vlanif 100
[Huawei-Vlanif100]ip address 10.0.2.2 255.255.255.252
[Huawei-Vlanif100]quit
[Huawei]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]port link-type access
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]port default vlan 100
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]quit 3.2.3 配置路由交换机RS3
system-view
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]undo info-center enable
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]vlan batch 15 16
Info: This operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment...done.
[Huawei]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]port link-type trunk
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]port trunk allow-pass vlan 15 16
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]quit
[Huawei]interface vlanif 15
[Huawei-Vlanif15]ip address 192.18.68.254 255.255.255.0
[Huawei-Vlanif15]quit
[Huawei]interface vlanif 16
[Huawei-Vlanif16]ip address 192.168.69.254 255.255.255.0
[Huawei-Vlanif16]quit
[Huawei]interface vlanif 15
% 配置错误时可以采用undo命令进行修改
[Huawei-Vlanif15]undo ip address 192.18.68.254 255.255.255.0
[Huawei-Vlanif15]ip address 192.168.68.254 255.255.255.0
[Huawei-Vlanif15]quit
[Huawei]vlan 100
[Huawei-vlan100]quit
[Huawei]interface vlanif 100
[Huawei-Vlanif100]ip address 10.0.3.2 255.255.255.252
[Huawei-Vlanif100]quit
[Huawei]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/2
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]port link-type access
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]port default vlan 100
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]quit 3.2.4 配置路由交换机RS4
RS4上采用hybrid接口类型对相应接口进行配置，同样可以将向下的端口配置为干道链路，向上的端口设置为接口链路。
system-view
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]undo info-center enable
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]vlan batch 17 18
Info: This operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment...done.
[Huawei]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]port hybrid tagged vlan 17 18
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]quit
[Huawei]interface vlanif 17
[Huawei-Vlanif17]ip address 192.168.70.254 255.255.255.0
[Huawei-Vlanif17]quit
[Huawei]interface vlanif 18
[Huawei-Vlanif18]ip address 192.168.71.254 255.255.255.0
[Huawei-Vlanif18]quit
[Huawei]vlan 100
[Huawei-vlan100]quit
[Huawei]interface vlanif 100
[Huawei-Vlanif100]ip address 10.0.4.2 255.255.255.252
[Huawei-Vlanif100]quit
[Huawei]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/2
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]port hybrid pvid vlan 100
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]port hybrid untagged vlan 100
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]quit 3.2.5 测试结果
配置完成之后可以看到所有主机可以两两通信，但跨路由器的主机仍旧无法通信，这是因为在路由交换机上创建了对应vlan的虚拟接口，可以实现同一个路由交换机下的主机通信。
| pc1 | pc2 | 通 |
| pc3 | pc4 | 通 |
| pc5 | pc6 | 通 |
| pc7 | pc8 | 通 |
| pc1 | pc3 | 不通 |
| pc1 | pc5 | 不通 |
| pc1 | pc8 | 不通 |
3.3 路由器配置
3.3.1 配置路由器R1
为路由器R1使用的每一个接口配置ip地址
system-view
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]undo info-center enable
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 10.0.1.1 255.255.255.252
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]quit
[Huawei]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/2
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]ip address 10.0.2.1 255.255.255.252
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]quit
[Huawei]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.252
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]quit 3.3.2 配置路由器R2
system-view
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]undo info-center enable
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 10.0.0.2 255.255.255.252
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]quit
[Huawei]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/2
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]ip address 10.0.0.6 255.255.255.252
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]quit 3.3.3 配置路由器R3
system-view
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]undo info-center enable
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]interface GIgabitEthernet 0/0/1
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 10.0.3.1 255.255.255.252
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]quit
[Huawei]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/2
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]ip address 10.0.4.1 255.255.255.252
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]quit
[Huawei]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 10.0.0.5 255.255.255.252 3.3.4 测试结果
| pc1 | pc2 | 通 |
| pc3 | pc4 | 通 |
| pc5 | pc6 | 通 |
| pc7 | pc8 | 通 |
| pc1 | pc3 | 不通 |
| pc1 | pc5 | 不通 |
| pc1 | pc8 | 不通 |
可以看到结果与上面配置完成路由交换机后一样，这主要是因为路由器此时并没有配置静态路由协议，也没有配置动态路由协议，无法获取网络中的路径信息，无法实现跨路由器通信。
4. 动态路由(RIP协议)配置过程
4.1 配置路由交换机
4.1.1 RS1的RIP协议
需要创建rip进程，然后宣称其直连的网络
system-view
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]rip 1
[Huawei-rip-1]version 2
[Huawei-rip-1]network 192.168.64.0
[Huawei-rip-1]network 192.168.65.0
%可以看到，直接宣称其直连网络会报错
[Huawei-rip-1]network 10.0.1.0
Error: The network address is invalid, and the specified address must be major-n
et address without any subnets.
[Huawei-rip-1]network 10.0.0.0
[Huawei-rip-1]quit 注：使用network命令时，宣告路由设备直连网络的网络地址，并且必需是自然网段，所以以上配置中10.0.1.0会报错，需要将该网络进一步放大，直至变成自然网段10.0.0.0。
4.1.2 配置RS2的RIP协议
[Huawei]rip 1
[Huawei-rip-1]version 2
[Huawei-rip-1]network 192.168.66.0
[Huawei-rip-1]network 192.168.67.0
[Huawei-rip-1]network 10.0.0.0
[Huawei-rip-1]quit4.1.3 配置RS3的RIP协议
system-view
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sysname RS3
[RS3]rip 1
[RS3-rip-1]version 2
[RS3-rip-1]network 192.168.68.0
[RS3-rip-1]network 192.168.69.0
[RS3-rip-1]network 10.0.0.0
[RS3-rip-1]quit 4.1.4 配置RS4的RIP协议
system-view
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sysname RS4
[RS4]rip 1
[RS4-rip-1]version 2
[RS4-rip-1]network 192.168.70.0
[RS4-rip-1]network 192.168.71.0
[RS4-rip-1]network 10.0.0.0 4.2 路由器的RIP协议
4.2.1 配置R1的RIP协议
此时可以看到，R1的直连路由有三条，分别是10.0.1.2/30、10.0.2.2/30、10.0.0.2/30，但他们的网段都不是自然网段，所以需要放大到10.0.0.0。
system-view
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]rip 1
[Huawei-rip-1]version 2
[Huawei-rip-1]network 10.0.0.0
[Huawei-rip-1]quit 4.2.2 配置R2的RIP协议
system-view
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]rip 1
[Huawei-rip-1]version 2
[Huawei-rip-1]network 10.0.0.0
[Huawei-rip-1]quit 4.2.3 配置R3的RIP协议
system-view
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]rip 1
[Huawei-rip-1]version 2
[Huawei-rip-1]network 10.0.0.0
[Huawei-rip-1]quit 4.3 测试结果
4.3.1 路由表验证
首先查看路由设备的路由表，以R1为例
[Huawei]display ip routing-table
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: PublicDestinations : 17 Routes : 17
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface10.0.0.0/30 Direct 0 0 D 10.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet
0/0/010.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet
0/0/010.0.0.4/30 RIP 100 1 D 10.0.0.2 GigabitEthernet
0/0/010.0.1.0/30 Direct 0 0 D 10.0.1.1 GigabitEthernet
0/0/110.0.1.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet
0/0/110.0.2.0/30 Direct 0 0 D 10.0.2.1 GigabitEthernet
0/0/210.0.2.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet
0/0/210.0.3.0/30 RIP 100 2 D 10.0.0.2 GigabitEthernet
0/0/010.0.4.0/30 RIP 100 2 D 10.0.0.2 GigabitEthernet
0/0/0127.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0127.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0192.168.64.0/24 RIP 100 1 D 10.0.1.2 GigabitEthernet
0/0/1192.168.65.0/24 RIP 100 1 D 10.0.1.2 GigabitEthernet
0/0/1192.168.68.0/24 RIP 100 3 D 10.0.0.2 GigabitEthernet
0/0/0192.168.69.0/24 RIP 100 3 D 10.0.0.2 GigabitEthernet
0/0/0192.168.70.0/24 RIP 100 3 D 10.0.0.2 GigabitEthernet
0/0/0192.168.71.0/24 RIP 100 3 D 10.0.0.2 GigabitEthernet
0/0/0可以看到，R1可以通过动态RIP协议众RS1、RS2、R2中学习到属于64.0、65.、68.0、69.0、70.0、71.0网段的路由信息。但这里没有66和67网段的信息，通过检查配置信息发现配置没有问题的前提下确定是RS2路由交换机出现bug（路由交换机在配置静态路由和动态路由时经常会出现bug），需要删除掉该路由交换机重新添加并进行配置。
display ip routing-table
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: PublicDestinations : 21 Routes : 22
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface10.0.0.0/30 Direct 0 0 D 10.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet
0/0/010.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet
0/0/010.0.0.4/30 RIP 100 1 D 10.0.0.2 GigabitEthernet
0/0/0RIP 100 1 D 10.0.0.10 Ethernet0/0/010.0.0.8/30 Direct 0 0 D 10.0.0.9 Ethernet0/0/010.0.0.9/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 Ethernet0/0/010.0.1.0/30 Direct 0 0 D 10.0.1.1 GigabitEthernet
0/0/110.0.1.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet
0/0/110.0.2.0/30 Direct 0 0 D 10.0.2.1 GigabitEthernet
0/0/210.0.2.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet
0/0/210.0.3.0/30 RIP 100 1 D 10.0.0.10 Ethernet0/0/010.0.4.0/30 RIP 100 1 D 10.0.0.10 Ethernet0/0/0127.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0127.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0192.168.64.0/24 RIP 100 1 D 10.0.1.2 GigabitEthernet
0/0/1192.168.65.0/24 RIP 100 1 D 10.0.1.2 GigabitEthernet
0/0/1192.168.66.0/24 RIP 100 1 D 10.0.2.2 GigabitEthernet
0/0/2192.168.67.0/24 RIP 100 1 D 10.0.2.2 GigabitEthernet
0/0/2192.168.68.0/24 RIP 100 2 D 10.0.0.10 Ethernet0/0/0192.168.69.0/24 RIP 100 2 D 10.0.0.10 Ethernet0/0/0192.168.70.0/24 RIP 100 2 D 10.0.0.10 Ethernet0/0/0192.168.71.0/24 RIP 100 2 D 10.0.0.10 Ethernet0/0/0 4.3.2 主机测试通信
| pc1 | pc2 | 通 |
| pc3 | pc4 | 通 |
| pc5 | pc6 | 通 |
| pc7 | pc8 | 通 |
| pc1 | pc3 | 通 |
| pc1 | pc5 | 通 |
| pc1 | pc8 | 通 |
5 RIP协议路径学习验证
在R1和R3之间再增加一条链路，分别给R1的Ethernet0/0/0接口和R2的Ethernet0/0/0接口配置ip地址：10.0.0.9和10.0.0.10，模型如下 ：
查看此时R3的路由表变化情况，以到达pc1网段（64.0）为例，在没有添加链路时，路由表项中从R3到达pc1需要经过3步
[Huawei]display ip routing-table
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: PublicDestinations : 17 Routes : 17192.168.64.0/24 RIP 100 3 D 10.0.0.6 GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
%这里去掉了其它路由表项但是添加了额外的一各路径之后再次查看路由表时可以发现从R3到达pc1只需要2步，同时信息从R3发出去的端口也变成了新添加的端口Ethernet0/0/0。说明RIP协议的路由表可以根据网络变化实现更新
[Huawei]display ip routing-table
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: PublicDestinations : 19 Routes : 20
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface192.168.64.0/24 RIP 100 2 D 10.0.0.9 Ethernet0/0/0
%去掉了其它路由表项